The anterior chamber is an angular space bounded anteriorly by the cornea's posterior (inner) surface and posteriorly by the anterior surface of the iris and a part of the ciliary body. The normal depth of the eye's anterior chamber is 3.5mm to 2.5mm, and it contains 0.25 ml of aqueous humor, which helps maintain the eye's shape and provides nutrients to the cornea and the lens. The anterior chamber depth is shallower in the hypermetropic eye than in the myopic eye. It is also more external in children and older individuals. The anterior chamber plays a crucial role in maintaining the eye's pressure, known as intraocular pressure. Abnormalities in the anterior chamber's fluid dynamics can lead to glaucoma, where increased intraocular pressure can damage the optic nerve and may lead to vision loss if left untreated.
Evaluation of the anterior chamber is vital to the ophthalmological examination, instrumental to achieving pertinent, relevant information on glaucoma patients and non-glaucomatous subjects. Carefully assessing the anterior chamber should always be performed in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspicion. This allows direct visualization of the main structures caused by the aqueous humor drainage, directly affecting intraocular pressure. Multiple discoveries may be associated with an impaired aqueous humor outflow, among them abnormal iris insertion, abnormal pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork (TM), blood in the Schlemm's canal (SC), presence of synechiae, angle recession, abnormal blood vessels in the angle, evidence of anterior segment dysgenesis, and other abnormalities.
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