Antiadrenergic agents act on adrenergic receptors and block the activity of catecholamines, primarily norepinephrine and epinephrine, on receptors sensitive to adrenergic compounds within the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system coordinates the body's "fight or flight" response in the body, which includes increasing heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and other physiological reactions that prepare the body to respond to stress or danger. By blocking the action of these neurotransmitters, antiadrenergic agents can have various effects on the body, such as reducing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and relaxing blood vessels. These drugs commonly treat hypertension (high blood pressure), certain heart conditions, and anxiety.
There are two major types of adrenergic receptors–alpha and beta—and several subtypes within each category. Antiadrenergic drugs can be categorized based on their specificity for the different receptors. The major classes include selective alpha-1 receptor blockers, nonselective alpha-blockers, selective beta-1 receptor blockers, nonselective beta-blockers, and mixed alpha- and beta-blockers. Many beta receptors exist in the heart, so these drugs are primarily used for cardiac indications, including angina, MI, heart failure, and hypertension (as an alternative agent). Alpha receptors are prevalent in smooth muscle, especially within the vasculature. Alpha-blockers induce significant vasodilation and are prescribed for hypertension and BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia). Significant adverse effects are possible.
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